More effective C++: Use references when we already have something to refer to and never want to refer to anything else, or when implementing operators whose syntactic requires us to do so.

When we write a placement version of operator new, be sure to write the corresponding placement version of operator delete to avoid subtle, intermittent memory leaks. When we do so, pay attention not to unintentionally hide the normal versions of new and delete

operator new should contain an infinite loop trying to allocate memory, should call the new-handler if it can’t satisfy a memory request, and should handle requests for zero bytes; class-specific versions should handle requests for larger blocks than expected. operator delete should do nothing if passed a pointer that is null; class specific versions should handle blocks that are larger than expected.

There are many valid reasons for writing custom versions of new and delete, including improving performance, debugging heap usage errors, and collecting heap usage information.

set-new-handler allows you to specify a function to be called when memory allocation requests cannot be satisfied.