The prefix and postfix forms of increment and decrement operators return different types: prefix forms return a reference, while postfix forms return a const object. For efficiency, prefer prefix forms unless the behavior of postfix ones is necessary. To guarantee consistency, implement postfix operators in terms of the prefix operators.
Implicit type conversions usually lead to more harm than good, so don’t provide conversion functions unless we’re sure we want them.
Including meaningless default constructors affects the efficiency of classes, so avoiding them in classes guarantees fully-initialized objects, with the cost of some limits on how such classes can be used.
Array operations almost always involve pointer arithmetic, so arrays and polymorphism don’t mix.
More effective C++: Use references when we already have something to refer to and never want to refer to anything else, or when implementing operators whose syntactic requires us to do so.
