Replace pointer class members with their corresponding smart pointer objects to fortify the constructors against resource leaks in the presence of exceptions, to eliminate the need to manually deallocate resources in destructors, and to allow const member pointers to be handled in the smae graceful fashion as non-const pointers.

To avoid resource leaks in the presence of exceptions, we can encapsulate resources inside objects.

The behaviors of new operator and operator new is different.

If we don’t have a good reason for overloading an operator, don’t overload it. In the case of &&, ||, and ,, it’s difficult to have a good reason: we can’t make them behave the way they’re supposed to.

The prefix and postfix forms of increment and decrement operators return different types: prefix forms return a reference, while postfix forms return a const object. For efficiency, prefer prefix forms unless the behavior of postfix ones is necessary. To guarantee consistency, implement postfix operators in terms of the prefix operators.